- Believed God; believed in God, which implies trust and hope; Vulgate, crediderunt in Deum. With only four chapters in the book of Jonah, its message was undoubtedly an important piece throughout the biblical period based on its re-usage by the Israelite communities in the Babylonian exile and the post-exilic Jerusalem. License. The refusal here not only depicts Jonah resisting forgiveness of their enemy, but also raises a question on YHWH’S fidelity and righteousness concerning their established covenant. It is also composed of two types of Hebrew: classical biblical Hebrew and late biblical Hebrew.
Increased prosperity resulted in a materialistic culture that thrived on injustice to the poor and oppressed, one of the key messages of Jonah’s prophetic contemporary, Amos. 14:4a) [see Walton, Jonah, p. 66-67].
For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Some also argue that Jonah's use of the title, King of Ninevah (3:3) is unrealistic because it is not used elsewhere in Mesopotamic or biblical records. By the end of the century the Assyrian Empire would be the strongest military force ever known in the world overtaking and deporting the northern kingdom; but Israel did not know this at the time of Jonah34, D. The people became arrogant during the northern nation’s period of prosperity resulting in injustice, greed, neglect of the poor, persecution of the poor, and formalistic religion35, A. Jonah is not an allegorical description of Israel’s experience with Babylon for the following reasons:36, 1. Jonah was called again (Chapter 3) and finally obeyed God’s command and went to preach repentance to the Ninevites. Literacy was an uncommon practice in an agrarian setting. At times, an unwillingness to accept the possibility of miraculous occurrences (the fish, the plant) may be central to denying historicity, at other times it is a matter of literary genre39. Overall, if the exiled-community would only repent of their mistakes, YHWH would immediately intervene just as he had done to Nineveh following their repentance. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. In the pre-modern Jewish tradition, parts of the story of Jonah do contain historical elements, although it is more probable that its construction was designed to reveal the importance of repentance and the fate of non-Jews. 19:2ff; 24:3ff; 27:3ff; Zech. Jonah found God's order unbearable. 3:9,12], the king of Damascus [2 Chron. For this reason, many scholars are convinced that in the aftermath of Judah’s restoration back into Jerusalem following the edict issued by King Cyrus of Persia c. 539 BCE of their release, there occurred intermarriage issues between Judeans and non-Jews in Jerusalem. . He had to learn something about the mercy of the Lord. In this case, poetry would be the preference of preservation within this kind of community. This ongoing frustration in Israel is also reflected in the prophet Jonah’s refusal to bring YHWH’S plan of forgiveness to Nineveh because they will eventually repent. Even more, 2 Kings 14:25 leaves the question open whether Jonah lived before or during Jeroboam II (787-748 BCE). The Twelve Prophets were known as a unit by the third century B.C. The period aligns with the Neo-Assyrian era (9th century to late seventh-century BCE), in which Israel and Judah were already subjugated under the Assyrian thumb. 10 La Sor, Old, p. 300; See R. K. Harrison's extended discussion and bibliography, Introduction, pp. In prose, not everything should be interpreted symbolically; some materials are to be taken literally – names of people for example. One major example concerning this issue is reflected in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah who were also returnees from the Babylonian exile that helped re-establish the political and religious life in Jerusalem. Yet, If someone brings a child to me and says, Did you mean more than Alice?, I would say, Yes, even though I did not have Alice in mind when I made that statement, Alice does fit with what I have said. However, the ‘Sitz im Leben’ of early eighth-century in the book also gives the possibility of an earlier construction by the employment of classical biblical Hebrew in the book. 313-315. This conclusion is based on the failure to distinguish the functionality between prose and poetry.
Related Content Many of the evil characters described in Amos 1--2 might better be translated in the present tense of activities then being done30 and thus describe Jeroboam II’s rule as painfully disruptive as His lines were breached and the enemies pressed into the territory. The book of Jonah is the fifth book in the Christian canons and the Jewish Tanakh. As we often see in our own lives, God accomplished His purposes through Jonah even though it meant God doling out a heavy dose of humility on a prideful and unwilling heart. . 30 Simon Cohen, The Political Background of the Words of Amos, HUCA, pp. Readers should consider the construction of the final form of the book of Jonah during the post-exilic era in Jerusalem c. 5th century BCE based on the employment of the late biblical Hebrew in the book.
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