The authors of a 2011 paper on the effects of cattle-rustling and household characteristics on migration decisions and herd size among pastoralists in Kenya’s western Baringo District, noted that “there is an emergence of commercialized cattle-rustling where wealthy businessmen, politicians, traders or local people pursuing economic objectives finance raids among the pastoral communities.” It claims that that banditry and cattle rustling are serious threats to internal security, rule of law and democratic governance and that the roots of these new forms of violence and insecurity can be found in social, cultural, economic, political and historical factors. Livingstone I: Economic irrationality among pastoralists. These results are in agreement with those of (Kabubo-Mariara (2002)), who reported that elderly people face less chances of migrating, implying they are less likely to migrate than their younger counterparts. Secondary data relevant to the study were also obtained and used in the analysis. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya, Department of Animal Sciences, Egerton University, P. O. However, this mobility in itself causes conflict among the pastoralists due to competition for scarce pasture and water. The intensity of cattle rustling influences herders' decision to migrate positively and significantly (P < 0.01). 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00565-X, FAO: Livestock sector brief Kenya. Those who perceive migration positively see it as a better means of survival for the livestock (Kabubo-Mariara 2003). Institute of Development Studies Bulletin 1996,27(3):17–30. Development and Change 2001,32(3):401–433. The impacts of cattle rustling, migration and other socioeconomic factors were tested through their influence on herd sizes. This problem is manifesting itself in various forms and it is becoming endemic in Baringo This is shown by the positive and significant (P < 0.05) impact of number of cattle on migration. β0 is a constant and β A herder contemplating whether to migrate would have to evaluate whether the venture is worth undertaking or not. Kenya's ASALs support more than 30% (approximately 12 million) people, 50% cattle, 70% sheep and goats, and the entire camel population (SRA 2003). As a result, it is easier and faster to migrate with cattle than with sheep and goats. and β Cookies policy. Thereafter, locations, within the cluster divisions, were selected at random (second-stage cluster sampling). Water Resources Research 1992, 28: 3071–3083. Furthermore, results indicate that the majority of households have at one time or another inherited livestock from their relatives. Report from a study which analyses new forms of banditry and cattle rustling in north-western Kenya. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 1 (1): 1–18. Nairobi, Kenya – Cattle rustling has been commercialised by international criminal networks in East Africa, aided by a proliferation of small weapons. … A total of 110 households were selected for interviews from the sampling frame. The pastoralists in Baringo District of Kenya are mainly transhumance pastoralists, and they exemplify communities in ASALs that are dependent on livestock for their livelihood. GKK is a Lecturer in Agricultural Economics in the Department of Business Administration, Chuka University College (Kenya). The communal land ownership tenure system mostly evident in pastoralist areas provides everyone an equal right of exploiting the resources. Evidence of change in cattle rustling practice among pastoralist communities worldwide has been noted with globalisation, education, and modernisation, among other factors. There is an inverse relationship such that when non-livestock income increases by 10%, herd size is likely to decreases by 0.7%. Environment and Development Economies 1998, 3: 7–34. Secondly, under uncertainty all herders face the possibility that they would suffer heavy losses, and each must compare what he has to gain against what he has to lose in what would be essentially a random draw. 2 2016 . Besides, educated household heads are likely to make use of market information and sell their animals for commercial purposes or for other reasons such as school fees. This is perhaps an indication that herders may not invest their non-livestock income into increasing their herd size. Besides, the high unemployment and rising poverty levels amongst pastoral communities are fuelling cattle rustling. 10.1007/BF01531283, Caselton WF, Luo W: Decision theory with imprecise probabilities: Dempster-Shafer theory and application. However, the negative coefficient in the ratio of sheep and goats to that of cattle (Table 3) suggests that pastoralists with more sheep and goats than cattle are less likely to migrate. Generally, livestock migration by pastoralists has mainly been in search of range resources (water and pasture). The results also indicate that more than 80% of the herders are illiterate. The average minimum and maximum temperatures are 20°C and 35°C, respectively. The estimated Equation 5 above was used in probit analysis of migratory decisions, whereas single-equation ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation was used in the determination of factors influencing herd size. In the traditional African context, it is the males who are expected to pay bride price (paid to the bride's family), initiation and other ceremonial occasions. statement and Purposive sampling was used to select the rustling/raiding prone divisions in the district which include Tangulbei, Nginyang, Marigat, Kallowa and Bartabwa. Some socio-economic impacts of cattle rustling included; migration, change of livelihoods styles, eroded cultural values and adoption of education and farming. Droughts and diseases often lead to loss of livestock, thus reducing herd size, and therefore influence the decision to migrate so as to avoid loss of animals. http://www.cewarn.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=73&Itemid=87, http://www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp906.pdf, http://www.sarpn.org/documents/d0001277/PNADC475_Darfur_Febr2005.pdf, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. Increasing the level of development in pastoral areas and formulation of appropriate policies will help in controlling the rustling menace. (2001)) points out that to avoid loss of livestock through drought, pastoralists migrate in search of pastures and water. Outlook on Agriculture 2007,36(1):29–34. Moreover, the age of the household head positively and significantly (P < 0.1) influences the herd size, such that elderly household head are more likely to keep bigger herds than their younger counterparts. volume 1, Article number: 18 (2011) The effects of livestock rustling on livelihoods of pastoral communities in the Turkwel River belt along the Turkana/Pokot border. will be a key to controlling the cattle rustling menace. i The observation in the present study where male-headed households are more likely to migrate is in agreement with the traditional/cultural norms of most African pastoralists that allocate the responsibility to decide where to locate the household to the husband.
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